一种检测根管冲洗效率模型的构建及应用

目的：构建红墨水检测根管内冲洗液交换效率的模型,检验其检测冲洗液交换效率的一致性和准确性,并使用此模型评估不同因素对冲洗液交换效率的影响。方法：将一个单弯树脂根管用PtoTaper预备至F2,分别使用红墨水和葡萄糖作为示踪剂,再按针头和流速分为3组进行冲洗实验,冲洗完毕后将残留液吸出测吸光度值,计算出剩余率。结果：相同条件下红墨水组剩余率与葡萄糖氧化酶法组剩余率差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;两种方法对剩余率的测定,组内相关系数大于0．75;红墨水的检出限小于葡萄糖氧化酶法;红墨水组中高流速组剩余率低于低流速组（P＜0．01）,平口针头组剩余率低于侧方开口针头组（P＜0．01）。结论：红墨水的检测准确性和葡萄糖氧化酶法一样,二者对于同一检测对象具有检测一致性,红墨水可准确检测的范围大于葡萄糖氧化酶法,不同针头设计和冲洗速度对冲洗液交换效率有影响。     

An examination of sex and racial/ethnic differences in the metabolic syndrome among adults: A confirmatory factor analysis and a resulting continuous severity score

Objective

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is typically diagnosed based on abnormalities in specific clustered clinical measures that are associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, current MetS criteria result in racial/ethnic discrepancies. Our goals were to use confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to delineate differential contributions to MetS by sub-group, and if contributions were discovered, develop sex and racial/ethnic-specific equations to calculate MetS severity.

Research Design and Methods

Using data on adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010, we performed a CFA of a single MetS factor that allowed differential loadings across groups, resulting in a sex and race/ethnicity-specific continuous MetS severity score.

Results

Loadings to the single MetS factor differed by sub-group for each MetS component (p < 0.001), with lower factor loadings among non-Hispanic-blacks for triglycerides and among Hispanics for waist circumference. Systolic blood pressure exhibited low factor loadings among all groups. MetS severity scores were correlated with biomarkers of future disease (high-sensitivity C-reactive-protein, uric acid, insulin resistance). Non-Hispanic-black-males with diabetics had a low prevalence of MetS but high MetS severity scores that were not significantly different from other racial/ethnic groups.

Conclusions

This analysis among adults uniquely demonstrated differences between sexes and racial/ethnic groups regarding contributions of traditional MetS components to an assumed single factor. The resulting equations provide a clinically-accessible and interpretable continuous measure of MetS for potential use in identifying adults at higher risk for MetS-related diseases and following changes within individuals over time. These equations hold potential to be a powerful new outcome for use in MetS-focused research and interventions.     

定量组织速度成像和组织追踪法对扩张型心肌病患者左心室收缩功能的研究

目的：探讨定量组织速度成像和组织追踪法评价扩张型心肌病患者左心室局部收缩功能的价值。方法：获取标准心尖位左心长轴观、二腔观和四腔观，分别应用定量组织速度成像和组织追踪法离线分析10例正常人和12例扩张型心肌病患者左室各节段长轴方向的心肌多普勒速度曲线和位移曲线，计算峰值速度(Vs)及收缩期各取样点向心尖方向位移(Ds)；用M型超声心动图测量收缩期二尖瓣环下移距离(Dm)；用二维超声心动图方法测量左室射血分数(LVEF)。结果：扩张型心肌病患者左室各节段Vs、Ds和Dm比正常人显著减低。在扩张型心肌病患者中，用定量组织速度成像和组织追踪法测量的二尖瓣环水平Ds与用M型超声心动图测量的Dm显著相关(r=0．63，P＝0．03)。二尖辨环水平的平均Vs(r＝0．75，P＝0．005)、平均Ds(r＝0．63，P＝0．03)与LVEF亦分别显著相关。结论：定量组织速度成像和组织追踪法技术可快速、直观、无创性定量评价扩张型心肌病患者左心室收缩功能，为临床评价左心室收缩功能的新方法。     

In vitro and preliminary in vivo validation of echo particle image velocimetry in carotid vascular imaging

Noninvasive, easy-to-use and accurate measurements of wall shear stress (WSS) in human blood vessels have always been challenging in clinical applications. Echo particle image velocimetry (Echo PIV) has shown promise for clinical measurements of local hemodynamics and wall shear rate. Thus far, however, the method has only been validated under simple flow conditions. In this study, we validated Echo PIV under in vitro and in vivo conditions. For in vitro validation, we used an anatomically correct, compliant carotid bifurcation flow phantom with pulsatile flow conditions, using optical particle image velocimetry (optical PIV) as the reference standard. For in vivo validation, we compared Echo PIV-derived 2-D velocity fields obtained at the carotid bifurcation in five normal subjects against phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI)-derived velocity measurements obtained at the same locations. For both studies, time-dependent, 2-D, two-component velocity vectors; peak/centerline velocity, flow rate and wall shear rate (WSR) waveforms at the common carotid artery (CCA), carotid bifurcation and distal internal carotid artery (ICA) were examined. Linear regression, correlation analysis and Bland-Altman analysis were used to quantify the agreement of different waveforms measured by the two techniques. In vitro results showed that Echo PIV produced good images of time-dependent velocity vector maps over the cardiac cycle with excellent temporal (up to 0.7 ms) and spatial (∼0.5 mm) resolutions and quality, comparable with optical PIV results. Further, good agreement was found between Echo PIV and optical PIV results for velocity and WSR measurements. In vivo results also showed good agreement between Echo PIV velocities and phase contrast MRI velocities. We conclude that Echo PIV provides accurate velocity vector and WSR measurements in the carotid bifurcation and has significant potential as a clinical tool for cardiovascular hemodynamics evaluation. (E-mail: Robin.shandas@ucdenver.edu)     

Middle cerebral artery peak systolic and ductus venosus velocity waveforms in the hydropic fetus.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) peak systolic velocity (PSV) and ductus venosus (DV) velocity waveforms during sonography of hydropic fetuses may specify the cause of fetal hydrops. METHODS: A level II sonographic examination was performed in 16 hydropic fetuses, and the MCA PSV and DV velocity waveforms were assessed. The MCA PSV values divided hydropic fetuses into anemic (group 1) and nonanemic (group 2) fetuses. In group 2 fetuses, the DV was defined as normal or abnormal. Sonographic examination and Doppler assessment of these vessels specified the cause of hydrops and indicated the use of specific investigations for diagnosing the etiology of fetal hydrops. RESULTS: Seven of 16 fetuses had MCA PSV values greater than 1.50 multiples of the median (group 1). Nine of 16 fetuses had normal MCA PSV values (group 2); among them, 7 of 9 had either absent or reversed flow in the DV, and 2 had a normal DV. In group 1, the cause of fetal anemia was investigated by maternal serum tests, and 5 cordocentesis procedures were performed. In group 2, 7 of 9 fetuses had reversed flow in the DV, which suggested a cardiac abnormality confirmed by echocardiography. Five cordocentesis procedures were performed for fetal karyotype, and in 2 fetuses, the cause of hydrops was idiopathic. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that assessment of the MCA PSV and DV velocity waveforms in the hydropic fetus may further our knowledge of the etiology of hydrops and may indicate which investigations among the many available should be used for diagnosing the cause of fetal hydrops.     

多普勒超声收缩期峰值与阻力指数在鉴别诊断乳腺肿瘤中的应用价值

目的 探讨多普勒超声收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)与阻力指数(RI)在乳腺良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值.方法 回顾分析经手术证实的120例乳腺肿瘤患者(良性46例,恶性74例)的血流参数PSV、RI,比较两者在鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性肿瘤中的敏感性、特异性和准确性.结果 乳腺恶性肿瘤RI较良性肿瘤明显增高,两者差异有统计学意义,而PSV差异无统计学意义.以PSV>20 cm/s,RI>0.7作为乳腺恶性肿块的判定标准,PSV与RI的诊断准确性分别为55.8%、77.5%;敏感性为50.0%、77.0%;特异度为65.2%、78.3%.联合PSV与RI两项指标其鉴别准确率为79.4%.结论 彩色多普勒血流参数PSV、RI有助于乳腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断;RI的鉴别诊断价值明显优于PSV;联合两者判定可提高诊断准确性,但与单独使用RI并无明显差别.     

Propagation velocity and attenuation of a shear wave pulse measured by ultrasound detection in agarose and polyacrylamide gels

The aim of our research was to measure and analyze phase velocity and pulse attenuation of a shear wave in two media: well-known agarose-gelatin gel and seldom-used polyacrylamide gel. These quantities were determined at three temperatures by the method of transmission sonoelastography described by Catheline et al. (1999). The shear wave was generated with a shaker stimulated by an electric pulse, with a length of one sinusoidal period with a preset frequency. The calculation method is based on a cross-correlation algorithm used for consecutive A-scans of signals of backwards scattered ultrasonic pulses. It allows determination of the local displacement of scattering elements in the medium, caused by a propagating shear wave, and determination of viscoelastic properties of gels. The results of the measurements of shear wave phase velocity and attenuation, obtained for agarose-gelatin and polyacrylamide gels that simulate biological systems depending on frequency and amplitude of vibrations, are presented. The comparison of the measured characteristic properties of gels has revealed that polyacrylamide gel is more useful in viscoelastic investigations of tissue-like phantoms.     

Sudden-onset Severe Acute Asthma: Clinical Features and Response to Therapy

Abstract. Objectives : To characterize patients with sudden onset of severe acute asthma (SAA) and to examine whether this presentation is associated with rapid recovery. Methods : Retrospective cohort study of ED visits to a teaching hospital. Subjects were aged 18–64 years, with SAA ( n = 225), denned as initial peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) ≤40% of predicted. Visits for sudden-onset SAA (≤3 hours of symptoms) were characterized and multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between sudden onset and rapid recovery. Results : Patient visits for sudden-onset SAA had different triggers as compared with those for the slower-onset group (p = 0.006). The sudden-onset patients were less likely to report an upper-respiratory-tract infection (17% vs 40%) and more likely to have an unidentifiable trigger (40% vs 19%). In the multivariate logistic regression model, sudden onset was a strong independent predictor of rapid response [odds ratio (OR) 4.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–11.6]. Sudden-onset visits were less likely to lead to admission (23% vs 43%, p = 0.03). Conclusions : These data suggest that different triggers may be involved in sudden-onset SAA and that sudden onset of symptoms is independently associated with rapid recovery. In their rapid deterioration and rapid response, these subjects share certain characteristics with "sudden asphyxic asthmatics" and may constitute a population suitable for further study of factors contributing to that condition. While these visits led to admission less frequently, prospective studies are necessary to provide information on duration of response and risk for relapse.     

定量组织速度成像评价慢性心力衰竭患者左室壁收缩的非同步性

目的　探讨定量组织速度成像 (QTVI)评价慢性充血性心力衰竭 (慢性心衰 )患者左室壁收缩的非同步性。方法　应用 QTVI分析 16例慢性心衰患者和 2 0例正常人的左室壁运动速度曲线 ,并对其中 4例右室双灶起搏和 1例双心室起搏患者起搏前、后进行对比分析。结果　慢性心衰患者的室间隔和左室侧壁基底段的收缩期速度峰均明显减低 (P<0 .0 0 1) ,两节段的收缩期速度峰延迟明显 (P<0 .0 0 1)。5例患者起搏后室间隔和左室侧壁基底部收缩期速度峰均较起搏前稍增大 ,两节段的收缩期速度峰延迟较起搏前明显缩短。结论　 QTVI能够评价左室壁收缩的非同步性 ,并能够评估起搏治疗再同步化的效果。